Efficient liquid exfoliation of KP₁₅ nanowires aided by Hansen's empirical theory

• Zhaoxuan Huang,
• Zhikang Jiang,
• Nan Tian,
• Disheng Yao,
• Fei Long,
• Yanhan Yang and
• Danmin Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 788–795, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.69

• nanoparticles as anode materials to promote the rapid diffusion and electron transfer of lithium, and Rongjun Zhao prepared n-butanol gas sensors with one-dimensional In2O3 nanorods [1][2]. Different from 2D materials, 1D materials generally have a chain-like crystal structure and are easily exfoliated due to a

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• available anode and cathode materials are sought. Table 1 lists some abundant metals as anode materials with high capacity and reduction potential values that are explored in metal-ion batteries [7][8][9]. Besides sodium as alternative anode material, also sulfur as abundant cathode material has emerged due

• intercalation in anode materials of SiBs, this knowledge should now be transferred to RT Na–S batteries to increase their safety and applicability. The patent survey also revealed quite clearly the gap that exists between academic and industrial RT Na–S battery research, where the former flourishes with a

Solution combustion synthesis of a nanometer-scale Co₃O₄ anode material for Li-ion batteries

• Monika Michalska,
• Huajun Xu,
• Qingmin Shan,
• Shiqiang Zhang,
• Yohan Dall'Agnese,
• Yu Gao,
• Amrita Jain and
• Marcin Krajewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 424–431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.34

• current densities between 50 and 5000 mA·g−1. Keywords: anode material; cobalt oxide; lithium-ion battery; solution combustion synthesis; transition metal oxide; Introduction Recently, a considerable research effort regarding new anode materials has been made because the traditional carbonaceous anodes

• nanomaterial possessed a very low surface active area, in comparison with previously reported Co3O4 nanostructures tested as anode materials, it exhibited a relatively high specific capacity of 1060 mA·g−1 measured at 100 mA·g−1 after 100 cycles and a remarkably good cyclability tested at current densities

• ranging from 50 to 5000 mA·g−1. Flowchart of a solution combustion synthesis (SCS) of Co3O4 nanomaterial. Supporting Information Table S1: Comparison of the electrochemical performance of different Co3O4 powders applied as anode materials in Li-ion batteries (1 C = 890 mA·g‒1); Figure S1: Equivalent

Gas sorption porosimetry for the evaluation of hard carbons as anodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries

• Yuko Matsukawa,
• Fabian Linsenmann,
• Maximilian A. Plass,
• George Hasegawa,
• Katsuro Hayashi and
• Tim-Patrick Fellinger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1217–1229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.106

• -ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan 10.3762/bjnano.11.106 Abstract Hard carbons are promising candidates for high-capacity anode materials in alkali metal-ion batteries, such as lithium- and sodium-ion batteries. High reversible capacities are often coming along with high irreversible capacity losses during

• area (SSA) of the anode materials as well as the deposition of amorphous carbon films were shown to reduce irreversible capacity losses [22][23]. Ji et al. found that lower total pore volumes (determined by N2 sorption) gave rise to increased reversible sodium storage capacities for sucrose-derived HCs

• ). Accordingly, it is apparent that the underlying capacity is not related to the measurable porosity. Furthermore, a limited utilization of the carbon anode materials by gas molecules as well as alkaline earth metal ions is assumed. Both will depend on the actual morphology of the hard carbons indicating the

Hydrothermal-derived carbon as a stabilizing matrix for improved cycling performance of silicon-based anodes for lithium-ion full cells

• Mirco Ruttert,
• Florian Holtstiege,
• Jessica Hüsker,
• Markus Börner,
• Martin Winter and
• Tobias Placke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2381–2395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.223

• remarkable that the LIB cell chemistry concerning the negative electrode (anode) of commercial cells is still quite similar to that of the very first LIBs, based on carbonaceous anode materials. There are several good reasons why carbonaceous anode materials, especially graphite, are still state of the art

• anode materials, such as silicon (Si) and tin (Sn), have aroused great interest in the last decade with the aim to replace graphite, as these materials offer considerably higher theoretical, specific capacities of 3,579 mAh g−1 and 990 mAh g−1, respectively, compared to that of graphite [9][10][11][12

• Li/Li+). Therefore, high cell voltages can be achieved using appropriate cathode materials [10][12][14]. Based on energy density calculations, it was reported that the total specific capacity can significantly be increased on the cell level by the application of high capacity anode materials

Synthesis and characterization of electrospun molybdenum dioxide–carbon nanofibers as sulfur matrix additives for rechargeable lithium–sulfur battery applications

• Ruiyuan Zhuang,
• Shanshan Yao,
• Maoxiang Jing,
• Xiangqian Shen,
• Jun Xiang,
• Tianbao Li,
• Kesong Xiao and
• Shibiao Qin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 262–270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.28

• precursors and self-templates, which were used as anode materials in lithium ion batteries [22][23]. However, since electrospinning is a simple and versatile method for producing fibers from a variety of materials on a large scale, it has attracted much attention in both research and commerce [24]. The

Ab initio study of adsorption and diffusion of lithium on transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers

• Xiaoli Sun and
• Zhiguo Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2711–2718, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.270

• monolayers explored in this work can be used as promising anode materials for lithium ion batteries. Keywords: anode materials; lithium adsorption; lithium diffusion; lithium ion batteries; transition metal dichalcogenide; Introduction Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used in portable

• ][33][47], MoX2 [33][40][47][50][51][52][53][54][55], HfX2 [33][47] and WX2 [33][40][47][50][55][56][57][58]. The metallic MX2 monolayers have good electrical conductivity, which may make them good anode materials. As shown in Figure 3a and Figure 3b, there are two stable adsorption sites, that is, the

• a large exothermic reaction energy with lithium. High electronic and ion mobility determine the rate capability and cycling performance, and a large exothermic reaction energy indicates the anode materials have a large energy storage capacity. The diffusion energy barrier is in the range between

Systematic control of α-Fe₂O₃ crystal growth direction for improved electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery anodes

• Nan Shen,
• Miriam Keppeler,
• Barbara Stiaszny,
• Holger Hain,
• Filippo Maglia and
• Madhavi Srinivasan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2032–2044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.204

• provides less steric hindrance. However, electrochemical investigation of α-Fe2O3 nanorods as anode materials in LIBs suggests that intermediate rod lengths in the range of 240 to 280 nm show superior electrochemical performance over longer rods and in addition to spherical particles or commercial powders

• coulombic efficiency, its flat voltage curve and the low operating voltage of 0.1 V vs Li/Li+ it is limited to a lithium storage capacity of only 372 mAh g−1, given a stoichiometry of LiC6 [8]. In 2000, the Tarascon research group brought attention to transition metal oxides as a new class of possible anode

• materials that showed capacities in the range of twice as high as graphite [9], and some of them even show values higher than 1000 mAh g−1 with the interaction with lithium ions [10]. Therefore, transition metal oxides are candidates as new, high-capacity, electrode active materials in next generation LIBs

Fabrication of hierarchically porous TiO₂ nanofibers by microemulsion electrospinning and their application as anode material for lithium-ion batteries

• Jin Zhang,
• Yibing Cai,
• Xuebin Hou,
• Xiaofei Song,
• Pengfei Lv,
• Huimin Zhou and
• Qufu Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1297–1306, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.131

• density [5][6][7][8]. So far, among all the commercial lithium-ion batteries, graphite plays an extremely important role in anode materials; nevertheless, structural deformation, electrical disconnection and the initial loss of capacity hinder its further development [9][10]. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

• ) and therefore offers the possibility to fabricate a large variety of graphene–transition metal oxide (TMO) NP hybrids. These hybrid materials are promising alternatives to reduce the drawbacks of using only TMO NPs in various applications, such as anode materials in lithium ion batteries (LIBs

• that the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic devices that use TiO2 NPs critically depends on the morphology and size of the NPs [79][80]. Additionally, in TiO2–graphene hybrid systems, the morphology of TiO2 plays an important role in various applications. TiO2 anode materials have

• three dimensional (3D) nanostructure was fabricated by Hu et al. with nanometre-sized TiO2 intercalated between graphene layers as pillars which provide a 3D open space with distinct advantages when used as LIB anode materials [96]. (3-Aminopropyl)trithoxysilane was used to functionalise TiO2 NPs, and

Carbon nanotube-wrapped Fe₂O₃ anode with improved performance for lithium-ion batteries

• Guoliang Gao,
• Yan Jin,
• Qun Zeng,
• Deyu Wang and
• Cai Shen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 649–656, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.69

• production cost, high energy density, high safety standards and good performance is of great interest. Fe2O3 is one of the most promising materials for the use as anode materials in LIBs, because it offers a high theoretical capacity (1005 mAh·g−1) [10], is widely available inexpensive and environmental

• /COOH-MWCNT composite. This is a common phenomenon in transition metal oxide anode materials. It can be ascribed to the penetration of the electrolyte and gradual exposure of the active sites [38][39][40]. The discharge capacity of the Fe2O3/COOH-MWCNT composite stabilized at 711.2 mAh·g−1 at a current

Phosphorus-doped silicon nanorod anodes for high power lithium-ion batteries

• Chao Yan,
• Qianru Liu,
• Jianzhi Gao,
• Zhibo Yang and
• Deyan He

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 222–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.24

• electrodes. The theoretical capacity of commercially used graphite anodes is only 372 mAh/g, which extremely limits the energy density of LIBs [4]. Thus, much attention has been paid to the pursuit of high performance anode materials to replace graphite. Among them, silicon is considered as the most

• cracking and pulverization of electrodes during Li-ion insertion and extraction [6]. Numerous results have proven that fabricating nanostructured Si-based anode materials could effectively accommodate the severe volume changes during cycling [7][8]. Lu et al. developed an architecture of flexible silicon

• polarization of the electrode materials, which is a common phenomenon for anode materials of LIBs [16][17]. The improved lithium storage performance can be ascribed to the unique nanostructure of the as-prepared Si anode. The morphology of the prepared Si anode and the precursors were investigated by SEM

Microwave synthesis of high-quality and uniform 4 nm ZnFe₂O₄ nanocrystals for application in energy storage and nanomagnetics

• Christian Suchomski,
• Ben Breitung,
• Ralf Witte,
• Michael Knapp,
• Sondes Bauer,
• Tilo Baumbach,
• Christian Reitz and
• Torsten Brezesinski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1350–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.126

• /gZFO at C/10, C/5 and C/2, respectively. Regardless of C-rate, they showed some kind of activation with a minimum in specific capacity between cycle number 50 and 80. Such behavior has been observed before for ZFO and other conversion-type anode materials [53][55][58]. The capacity degradation in the

Improved lithium-ion battery anode capacity with a network of easily fabricated spindle-like carbon nanofibers

• Mengting Liu,
• Wenhe Xie,
• Lili Gu,
• Tianfeng Qin,
• Xiaoyi Hou and
• Deyan He

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1289–1295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.120

• , transition metal oxides are the focus of intensive efforts for LIB anode materials due to their remarkable specific capacity, low cost and environmental compatibility [6][7][8][9][10][11]. Manganese oxide (MnO) is a particularly good choice owing to its high theoretical specific capacity of 755 mAh g−1, low

Surfactant-controlled composition and crystal structure of manganese(II) sulfide nanocrystals prepared by solvothermal synthesis

• Elena Capetti,
• Anna M. Ferretti,
• Vladimiro Dal Santo and
• Alessandro Ponti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2319–2329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.238

• ), ≈100 K (β-MnS), and 154 K (α-MnS) [6]. The interesting physical properties and the rich polymorphism prompted research on MnS nanocrystals (NCs) in view of applications as photoluminescent components [7], photoreduction catalysts [8], anode materials in lithium-ion batteries [9], and supercapacitor

Metal hydrides: an innovative and challenging conversion reaction anode for lithium-ion batteries

• Luc Aymard,
• Yassine Oumellal and
• Jean-Pierre Bonnet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1821–1839, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.186

• .6.186 Abstract The state of the art of conversion reactions of metal hydrides (MH) with lithium is presented and discussed in this review with regard to the use of these hydrides as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. A focus on the gravimetric and volumetric storage capacities for different

From lithium to sodium: cell chemistry of room temperature sodium–air and sodium–sulfur batteries

• Philipp Adelhelm,
• Pascal Hartmann,
• Conrad L. Bender,
• Martin Busche,
• Christine Eufinger and
• Juergen Janek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1016–1055, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.105

Carbon nano-onions (multi-layer fullerenes): chemistry and applications

• Juergen Bartelmess and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1980–1998, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.207

• widely studied for a use in lithium ion batteries [63]. However, also CNOs were studied for a potential application as anode materials. Han et al., for example, reported the large scale synthesis of CNOs starting from CuCl2·2 H2O and CaC2 and found that they exhibit a high capacity in combination with a

• promising cycling performance, which renders these as-prepared CNOs as potential anode materials for lithium-ion batteries [16]. However, no prototype batteries were prepared by the authors of this report. In two recent studies, H. Y. Yang and co-workers reported lithium-ion batteries incorporating CNOs in

• electrode materials in capacitors, as anode materials in lithium-ion batteries, as catalyst support in fuel cells. They have even attracted the interest of NASA researchers for their tribological properties as additives for aerospace applications. Despite much interest in different carbon-based nano

Nanocrystalline ceria coatings on solid oxide fuel cell anodes: the role of organic surfactant pretreatments on coating microstructures and sulfur tolerance

• Chieh-Chun Wu,
• Ling Tang and
• Mark R. De Guire

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1712–1724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.181

• impurities in the fuel, severely reducing both the power generated by the cell and its operating lifetime. (For recent reviews, see [3][4].) The extent and permanence of this “sulfur poisoning” varies with operating temperature, current density, sulfur concentration (as low as a few ppm), and anode materials

Influence of particle size and fluorination ratio of CF_x precursor compounds on the electrochemical performance of C–FeF₂ nanocomposites for reversible lithium storage

• Ben Breitung,
• M. Anji Reddy,
• Venkata Sai Kiran Chakravadhanula,
• Michael Engel,
• Christian Kübel,
• Annie K. Powell,
• Horst Hahn and
• Maximilian Fichtner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 705–713, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.80

• demonstrated by Poizot et al. who used transition-metal oxides as anode materials [9]. Metal fluorides are also prominent examples as they reversibly react with lithium at relatively high voltages so that they can be used as cathode materials [5][8][12][13][14][15][16]. Fluorine is the lightest and smallest

A facile synthesis of a carbon-encapsulated Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite and its performance as anode in lithium-ion batteries

• Raju Prakash,
• Katharina Fanselau,
• Shuhua Ren,
• Tapan Kumar Mandal,
• Christian Kübel,
• Horst Hahn and
• Maximilian Fichtner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 699–704, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.79

• LIBs with superior performance, numerous strategies to find new materials are currently being explored [3]. Fe3O4 is widely regarded as one of the high energy-density anode materials for LIBs, and is based on the conversion mechanism (Fe3O4 + 8 Li+ + 8 e− ↔ 3 Fe + 4 Li2O) [4][5][6]. The theoretical

Preparation of electrochemically active silicon nanotubes in highly ordered arrays

• Tobias Grünzel,
• Young Joo Lee,
• Karsten Kuepper and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 655–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.73

• , have been reported for Si anode materials [24]. Due to the low natural abundance of 29Si and small quantities of the samples available from ALD, the detection of these broad signals can be challenging. Further investigations with 29Si-enriched samples are conceivable to examine the reduction product